>The global and sea surface temperature (SST) records are herein modeled by using a simple 1-D energy balance model (Scafetta, 2009). It is **assumed** that each temperature record, T(t), is made of three components — T^A (t), T^V (t), and T^S (t) — generated by the anthropogenic, volcanic and solar forcings — F^A (t), F^V (t), and F^S (t) — plus other fast fluctuations ξ(t) (e.g., the ENSO), **which are herein considered as random noise and ignored**. For simplicity, the anthropogenic and volcanic forcings are **supposed** to be independent of the solar forcing, which, as discussed in the introduction, **should** slightly underestimate the solar contribution to climate changes. > >Thus, T(t) is supposed to be given by the Eq. (1) >T(t) = T^A (t) + T^V (t) + T^S (t) + ξ(t) (1) > >All the above functions are **supposed** to be anomalies relative to t0 = 1850, that is, it is assumed that T(t0) = 0 °C and F(t0) = 0 W/m2. T^A (t) **is expected to be monotonically increasing**, T^V (t) is **expected** to be made of spikes that occasionally cool the climate for a few years (Thompson et al., 2009, Marshall et al., 2020), and T^S (t) **should** presents a complex modulation that is also trending upward. In just that tiny snippet, you can see how the modelling is based on so many assumptions and suppositions. What it effectively boils down to is that the models show that temperature is increasing due to CO2 **because** they assume that temperature increases because of CO2. It's assumptions and turtles all the fucking way down.