Is 10gbb transfer rate common in business centers? I know that it's a waste for just general ISP speeds
Its very common in DC's (even in medium businesses). It is becoming more and more common. My home network is slowly being converted to 10gb as I have time/need for it. I do have pretty good internet but not good enough to take advantage of that amount of BW yet but it will be there eventually. Until then, my internal network is super fast to my homelab/storage server(s)/desktops/etc.
Do you know if Fiber internet uses this to it's full effect?
Depends on where you live. There might be some places where you can get 10gb+. Most areas I am aware of max out at 5gb for the most part. The majority of people barely even "fully" use 1gb to the home.