For Aristotle, democracy is possible only within homogeneous ethnic groups, while despots have always reigned over highly fragmented societies

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I firmly believe, on principle alone, that the majesty of the Bible really is that it is self-justifying, insofar as it has this pretty miraculous tendency of typologically referencing one section by another so that the proper exegesis is always possible from within the scriptures.

Insofar as the Scriptures are inspired by God (i.e. "written by His finger"), that this is the case is unsurprising. What we also have to recognize the history of the Bible itself to see how it is inseparable both from time / history itself, but especially from a temporal authority. I am speaking of the Bible being canonized at the end of the fourth century by the Church. Sure, the Bible displays this "hyperlinkedness", which Jordan Peterson likes to talk about; it's a beautiful thing. But how much less consistent would this hyperlinkedness have been if the Church had excluded half of the books that make up the Bible? Or if the Church had included ~20 additional books that are not inspired by God. Do you see? The Church, guided by the Holy Spirit, was able to established a canon outside of which the hyperlinkedness, indeed the very infallibility itself, would not have been present.

Some good commentary I watched yesterday on this relation between Tradition and the canonization of Scripture can be listened to if you're interested. Simply put, before the Scriptures were canonized (i.e. before certain books were selected, others excluded) there was Tradition, without which there would have been nothing to canonize, in a sense. This is true in two ways. In one sense, the Scripture writings themselves are a part of an apostolic tradition, and just like the various writings of the Church today, their authority and seriousness is determined by the extent to which they agree with everything else in the tradition. And so this aspect would have contributed to the Church's deciding what would and would not qualify as Scripture (all under the guidance of the Holy Spirit, of course). In the second sense, even without treating the pre-canonization Scriptural texts as part of the tradition themselves, the oral and apostolic tradition / beliefs / memories / knowledge of the Apostles did qualify and in fact constitute the tradition of the Church up to that point. As I mentioned in my longer comment earlier today, it is the difference between the "meat" St. Paul talks about, and the "milk". As you will remember from the beginning of Christian Gnosis, Smith cites St. Paul and Clement of Alexandria to really drive the point home that the early Christians, in fact, recognized two veins of Apostolic truth - that which was written down, codified, etc, and that which remained primarily / solely with the Apostles and their successors. One cannot understand the Church without recognizing that this meat, this additional knowledge and understanding, though unwritten, influenced the way the early Church interpreted Scripture and established further tradition.

My point is that the universality and practical unanimity about the primacy of Peter as prince of the apostles, even before the word "pontiff" came to be used, is a clear indication that this "meat"-aspect, this oral tradition, this deeper gnosis that the Apostles possessed, contributed to an exegesis of Scripture that might seem like a stretch to you, a mere reader 2000 years later, but was abundantly clear to them. The Church exists, among many reasons, so that people like you and me don't need to thoroughly go through Scripture and come to our own conclusions about "what was really meant" - we have the Church and the Tradition it has preserved, in addition to Scripture itself, to provide the correct exegesis, the correct understanding. Christ did not fail to provide this to His people. The Protestant error is thinking one can take Scripture and figure things out from that without Tradition. The Eastern Orthodox error, though more subtle, is similar - while they retain the same early Church tradition, by lacking the temporal head, they are divided on many issues, and because their tradition has "split off" (via schism) they now even interpret the early tradition in a non-traditional light. Whereas those 4th, 5th, and 6th century quotations I provided from the East make clear the primacy of Rome, modern Eastern Orthodox either are unaware of these quotes, or explain them away as either early heresy, or apply their own contemporary exegesis to undue the clarity presented therein. But the problem is, without a single temporal authority, there is nothing stopping all these divided Orthodox churches from applying separate exegeses, coming up with different explanations, and even, as I pointed out before, coming to teach different things about the sacraments and morals. liked to cite the Scripture about "knowing them by their fruits" - well, I say if we are to judge the Church as Church, it ought to be by the fruits that pertain to Her Ecclesiastical mission, which first and foremost is to provide the sacraments and define teachings on faith and morals. If there is no clarity on these principal points in the East, what other fruits are worth considering?

>I firmly believe, on principle alone, that the majesty of the Bible really is that it is self-justifying, insofar as it has this pretty miraculous tendency of typologically referencing one section by another so that the proper exegesis is always possible from within the scriptures. Insofar as the Scriptures are inspired by God (i.e. "written by His finger"), that this is the case is unsurprising. What we also have to recognize the history of the Bible itself to see how it is *inseparable* both from time / history itself, but especially from a *temporal authority*. I am speaking of the Bible being canonized at the end of the fourth century by the Church. Sure, the Bible displays this "hyperlinkedness", which Jordan Peterson likes to talk about; it's a beautiful thing. But how much less *consistent* would this hyperlinkedness have been if the Church had excluded half of the books that make up the Bible? Or if the Church had included ~20 additional books that are not inspired by God. Do you see? The Church, guided by the Holy Spirit, was able to established a *canon* outside of which the hyperlinkedness, indeed the very infallibility itself, would not have been present. Some good commentary I watched yesterday on this relation between Tradition and the canonization of Scripture can be listened to [here](https://youtu.be/s3vjwvN3dNs?t=1229) if you're interested. Simply put, before the Scriptures were canonized (i.e. before certain books were selected, others excluded) there was Tradition, without which there would have been nothing to canonize, in a sense. This is true in two ways. In one sense, the Scripture writings themselves are a part of an apostolic tradition, and just like the various writings of the Church today, their authority and seriousness is determined by the extent to which they agree with everything else in the tradition. And so this aspect would have contributed to the Church's deciding what would and would not qualify as Scripture (all under the guidance of the Holy Spirit, of course). In the second sense, even without treating the pre-canonization Scriptural texts as part of the tradition themselves, the *oral and apostolic* tradition / beliefs / memories / knowledge of the Apostles *did* qualify and in fact constitute the tradition of the Church up to that point. As I mentioned in my longer comment earlier today, it is the difference between the "meat" St. Paul talks about, and the "milk". As you will remember from the beginning of *Christian Gnosis*, Smith cites St. Paul and Clement of Alexandria to really drive the point home that the early Christians, in fact, recognized two veins of Apostolic truth - that which was written down, codified, etc, and that which remained primarily / solely with the Apostles and their successors. *One cannot understand the Church without recognizing that this meat, this additional knowledge and understanding, though unwritten, influenced the way the early Church interpreted Scripture and established further tradition*. My point is that the universality and practical unanimity about the primacy of Peter as prince of the apostles, even before the word "pontiff" came to be used, is a clear indication that this "meat"-aspect, this oral tradition, this *deeper gnosis* that the Apostles possessed, contributed to an exegesis of Scripture that might seem like a stretch to you, a mere reader 2000 years later, but was abundantly clear to them. The Church exists, among many reasons, so that people like you and me don't need to thoroughly go through Scripture and come to our own conclusions about "what was really meant" - we have the Church and the Tradition it has preserved, in addition to Scripture itself, to provide the correct exegesis, the correct understanding. Christ did not fail to provide this to His people. The Protestant error is thinking one can take Scripture and figure things out from that without Tradition. The Eastern Orthodox error, though more subtle, is similar - while they retain the same early Church tradition, by lacking the temporal head, they are divided on many issues, and because their tradition has "split off" (via schism) they now even interpret the early tradition in a non-traditional light. Whereas those 4th, 5th, and 6th century quotations I provided from the East make clear the primacy of Rome, modern Eastern Orthodox either are unaware of these quotes, or explain them away as either early heresy, or apply their own contemporary exegesis to undue the clarity presented therein. But the problem is, without a single temporal authority, there is nothing stopping all these divided Orthodox churches from applying separate exegeses, coming up with different explanations, and even, as I pointed out before, coming to teach different things about the sacraments and morals. @KingOfWhiteAmerica liked to cite the Scripture about "knowing them by their fruits" - well, I say if we are to judge the Church *as Church*, it ought to be by the fruits that pertain to Her Ecclesiastical mission, which first and foremost is to provide the sacraments and define teachings on faith and morals. If there is no clarity on these principal points in the East, what other fruits are worth considering?

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My point is that the universality and practical unanimity about the primacy of Peter as prince of the apostles, even before the word "pontiff" came to be used, is a clear indication that this "meat"-aspect, this oral tradition, this deeper gnosis that the Apostles possessed, contributed to an exegesis of Scripture that might seem like a stretch to you, a mere reader 2000 years later, but was abundantly clear to them.

I will undoubtedly fail to get the 'meat' of my thought across here, primarily on account of the fact that I want to do it so emphatically at this moment that the desire itself is likely to stop me, as opposed to being able to do this in a more relaxed way, say, if I'd come to decades-worth of 'terms' with the ideas.

In the section of your comment I quoted above, everything hangs on the term 'primacy'. I believe strongly that the apostles and early Church fathers did recognize the preeminence of Peter, but for entirely different reasons than the fact of his ordained pontific office as the first pope. The reason that Peter had preeminence among the apostles, even where it concerned Christ's relationship to them, was because Peter was the 'first born'. If I get more time, I might attempt to get into this more deeply, but because it relies on a linguistic analysis which is, frankly, above my head, it may take some time. The core of the idea is that Peter, in contradistinction with each of the other apostles, is the first to come to faith in Christ (true gnosis of Christ as the Son of God) by way of the Father solely. Each of the others required seeing with their eyes, a reason why Peter is able to answer Christ's question: "Who do you think I am?"

Peter is the first stone placed in the Church because he is the 'first born', as in the first to be born again according to true gnosis and true faith (as Christ puts it: through the Father alone). This is why he is the rock upon which the Church is to be built, because of course Christ was to ascend to Heaven, indicating that any future Church must be built on the rock of faith, and why Peter was the first petros.

I am not convinced that what was recognized unanimously of Peter by the apostles and earliest Church fathers was that Christ granted Peter a literal supreme office in said Church to represent Christ on earth. As Tertullian said, the Vicar of Christ is the Spirit, and I believe there is clearer scriptural evidence for this than for an apostolic succession by way of a succession of popes.

The Church, guided by the Holy Spirit, was able to established a canon outside of which the hyperlinkedness, indeed the very infallibility itself, would not have been present.

Still, what we are disputing here is the particular of the pontiff, as principal of bishops and so-called Vicar of Christ. What you have described in this first paragraph about the canonization of the authentic God-breathed books in the Bible has involved two key factors: (a) the Church and (b) the Holy Spirit.

Nowhere is it justified that a third thing (c) Pope was necessary for the Spirit to guide the Church in compiling the Bible. When the apostles convened in Jerusalem in Acts, did the group default to the authority of Peter to dictate how ministry to the gentiles was to be handled? Peter figured heavily into this meeting, but there is no indication whatsoever that the other apostles approached him with the kind of authority the later Church attached to the Pope. It is clear from scripture that the final word and decision rests with James. Moreover, this supposed first pope was rebuked by Paul!

My point was not truly this, however, but to showcase that if the other apostles had truly believed what you claim the early Church did, why would there have been a council? The more important question follows: why couldn't this model of synod of bishops have accomplished what you say with respect to curating the Bible? After all, it's clear from Acts that important decisions as late as 50 A.D. were being decided by council, and not by Peter alone.

One cannot understand the Church without recognizing that this meat, this additional knowledge and understanding, though unwritten, influenced the way the early Church interpreted Scripture and established further tradition.

I fully agree, however, what the early Church apparently interpreted is precisely what we are disputing. Given the lateness of the distinct references to the title of pontiff, and of 'Vicar of Christ' to refer to a pope, then we simply cannot logically infer that this entails the earliest Church originated this tradition and carried it on unbroken. The absence of perfect knowledge about what the earliest Church fathers thought in this regard cannot be used as evidence that later historical evidence can be projected onto the past.

Logically, that historical method creates problems. First of all, it presupposes no change occurred according to contradictory reasons. For example, you assume your capital-T Tradition was something established by Holy decree early and therefore carried on infallibly, and at the same time you say that this Tradition was necessary to prevent infallibility, as a real threat, from entering Tradition. The councils to ratify canon are evidence of that threat.

But do you not see the patent circularity in this?

Let's step back for a moment. We have a fairly good idea that history begins, meaning recorded history, sometime 6,000 years ago, or so. Let's imagine that at that precise moment where history begins to be written down that man is farming. If I were to apply your 'Tradition logic' to this scenario, it would be like assuming man must have always been farming as long as mankind had been on earth. Perhaps that's true, but if there exists evidence to the contrary, we'd be remiss to ignore it. In other words, the burden of proof would lay with you to show that farming had always been going on.

In the case of popery, there seems to be more evidence to contradict that it existed in the earliest Church.

___

The issue of Bible canon is a highly, highly complex issue that involves not only this or that tradition, but unseen forces as well as the literary nature of the Hebraic genres themselves. This is highly controversial. I, for one, am not at all prepared to say with certainty that what was excluded is necessarily not inspired by the Spirit. It falls under the definition of apocryphon that a tradition did exist in which the excluded text was taken to be true. I'm not that interested in this category of the debate.

My point is just to say this: it is not a simple matter of determining just what is and what is not necessary to receive the full fruits of God's wisdom in print, given that what both you and I know about gnosis is certainly true, i.e. that perhaps with a possibly knowable amount of scripture, man's intellect transcends time and space and can instantaneously know certain truths by way of grace alone. If this were not the case, no Mosaic transmission could have occurred, right? So we arrive at the distinction between what it is possible to know by way of the Spirit alone, and what must be revealed to us.

Certainly it is the case that a person's soul could be saved had there not been a Gospel of Luke. What I mean is that if you were to distill the requisite revelation from the Bible, we might be able to identify a kernel of fundamental revealed knowledge which was absolutely necessary. Call it what so many do: 'mere Christianity' (MC).

It seems to me that what so many decisions to be made about Bible canon involve are not so much whether such-and-such a text is truly revealed (for how can one PROVE such a thing), but are instead about which likeliest candidates for authentic works preserve that truth we call MC without corrupting it? Therefore if we imagine that MC includes {X, Y, Z.....N}, then what is included in the Bible must be (a) those testimonies that date most closely to the life of Christ, and (b) which taken together best preserve MC = {X, Y, Z...N} without corrupting any element, nor adding any additional ones which would corrupt an existing element.

The thoroughgoing case you are making is that only Tradition could have decided this. But this deposit, the words of Christ, was had by the apostles, and so whatever MC is, it did not include the office of pope in {X, Y, Z...N}. If it were the case that it had, there would be no schism. And on this note, I return to 1.B of my argument from yesterday - something this concrete and crucially historically important per the instruction of Christ to His Church on earth would not have been unclear or left open to debate. Modern problems and new circumstances do leave certain doctrines open to debate about their applications under new contexts, but this is possible only because of the unchanging nature of MC itself, about which NOBODY debates. The reason a debate exists surrounding the Pope is precisely because it is not, nor was it ever a part of MC, but a political development occurring over centuries.

___

Regarding the need for today's deliberation by Church authority to contextualize Church teachings to modern circumstances, there is simply no convincing case that this could not be accomplished by a council absent a Pope, or without the 'ongoing charisma' of Peter as all-time QB for your team. To whatever extent one wants to argue that the Orthodox Church is inefficacious, if this is true then it isn't principled on the basis of its structure, but more likely as the result of lacking its own unique identity, which occurs as the result of living in the shadow of its sister. The Orthodox Church's independence from Rome is far from historically perfect. Where did so many of her bishops go seeking refuge from the Ottomans around the time of the Renaissance? Rome and Medici's Italy. Hell, they brought Plato back to Europe.

If one argues that the Orthodox Church is instead ineffective for the reason of being obstinately conservative, that isn't only a fault with her structure. The latitude displayed by Rome to be 'up with the times' could just as easily be turned around on her as being Pharisaic and analogous to the pilpul litigiousness that Christ rebuked. The life of her tradition could easily be criticized as elasticity.

In many cases, the popularity of human group endeavors, in terms of which are most active and populous isn't a sign purely of the truth in them. The 'living' state of the Church of Rome could easily be on account of its utility, or its finances, or its history of being tied up with that city itself, and all of the above. I'm just not ready to say that the Orthodox Church's lack of success at convening a council, or that it tends to be more 'sleepy', is only the result of it not having a truthful tradition.

The American legal system is pretty 'alive' too.

___

>My point is that the universality and practical unanimity about the primacy of Peter as prince of the apostles, even before the word "pontiff" came to be used, is a clear indication that this "meat"-aspect, this oral tradition, this deeper gnosis that the Apostles possessed, contributed to an exegesis of Scripture that might seem like a stretch to you, a mere reader 2000 years later, but was abundantly clear to them. I will undoubtedly fail to get the 'meat' of my thought across here, primarily on account of the fact that I want to do it so emphatically at this moment that the desire itself is likely to stop me, as opposed to being able to do this in a more relaxed way, say, if I'd come to decades-worth of 'terms' with the ideas. In the section of your comment I quoted above, everything hangs on the term 'primacy'. I believe strongly that the apostles and early Church fathers *did* recognize the preeminence of Peter, but for entirely different reasons than the fact of his ordained pontific office as the first pope. The reason that Peter had preeminence among the apostles, even where it concerned Christ's relationship to them, was because Peter was the 'first born'. If I get more time, I might attempt to get into this more deeply, but because it relies on a linguistic analysis which is, frankly, above my head, it may take some time. The core of the idea is that Peter, in contradistinction with each of the other apostles, is the *first* to come to faith in Christ (true gnosis of Christ as the Son of God) by way of the Father *solely*. Each of the others required seeing with their eyes, a reason why Peter is able to answer Christ's question: "Who do you think I am?" Peter is the first stone placed in the Church because he is the 'first born', as in the first to be born again according to true gnosis and true faith (as Christ puts it: through the Father alone). This is why he is the rock upon which the Church is to be built, because of course Christ was to ascend to Heaven, indicating that any future Church must be built on the rock of faith, and why Peter was the first *petros*. I am not convinced that what was recognized unanimously *of* Peter by the apostles and earliest Church fathers was that Christ granted Peter a literal supreme office in said Church to represent Christ on earth. As Tertullian said, the Vicar of Christ is the Spirit, and I believe there is clearer scriptural evidence for this than for an apostolic succession by way of a succession of popes. > The Church, guided by the Holy Spirit, was able to established a canon outside of which the hyperlinkedness, indeed the very infallibility itself, would not have been present. Still, what we are disputing here is the particular of the pontiff, as principal of bishops and so-called Vicar of Christ. What you have described in this first paragraph about the canonization of the *authentic* God-breathed books in the Bible has involved two key factors: (a) the Church and (b) the Holy Spirit. Nowhere is it justified that a third thing (c) Pope was necessary for the Spirit to guide the Church in compiling the Bible. When the apostles convened in Jerusalem in Acts, did the group default to the authority of Peter to dictate how ministry to the gentiles was to be handled? Peter figured heavily into this meeting, but there is no indication whatsoever that the other apostles approached him with the kind of authority the later Church attached to the Pope. It is clear from scripture that the final word and decision rests with James. Moreover, this supposed first pope was rebuked by Paul! My point was not truly this, however, but to showcase that if the other apostles had truly believed what you claim the early Church did, why would there have been a council? The more important question follows: why couldn't this model of synod of bishops have accomplished what you say with respect to curating the Bible? After all, it's clear from Acts that important decisions as late as 50 A.D. were being decided by council, and not by Peter alone. >One cannot understand the Church without recognizing that this meat, this additional knowledge and understanding, though unwritten, influenced the way the early Church interpreted Scripture and established further tradition. I fully agree, however, what the early Church apparently interpreted is precisely what we are disputing. Given the lateness of the distinct references to the title of pontiff, and of 'Vicar of Christ' to refer to a pope, then we simply cannot logically infer that this entails the earliest Church originated this tradition and carried it on unbroken. The absence of perfect knowledge about what the earliest Church fathers thought in this regard cannot be used as evidence that later historical evidence can be projected onto the past. Logically, that historical method creates problems. First of all, it presupposes no change occurred according to contradictory reasons. For example, you assume your capital-T Tradition was something established by Holy decree early and therefore carried on infallibly, and at the same time you say that this Tradition was necessary to prevent infallibility, as a real threat, from entering Tradition. The councils to ratify canon are evidence of that threat. But do you not see the patent circularity in this? Let's step back for a moment. We have a fairly good idea that *history begins*, meaning recorded history, sometime 6,000 years ago, or so. Let's imagine that at that precise moment where history begins to be written down that man is farming. If I were to apply your 'Tradition logic' to this scenario, it would be like assuming man must have always been farming as long as mankind had been on earth. Perhaps that's true, but if there exists evidence to the contrary, we'd be remiss to ignore it. In other words, the burden of proof would lay with you to show that farming had always been going on. In the case of popery, there seems to be more evidence to contradict that it existed in the earliest Church. ___ The issue of Bible canon is a highly, highly complex issue that involves not only this or that tradition, but unseen forces as well as the literary nature of the Hebraic genres themselves. This is highly controversial. I, for one, am not at all prepared to say with certainty that *what was excluded* is necessarily *not* inspired by the Spirit. It falls under the definition of apocryphon that a tradition did exist in which the excluded text was taken to be true. I'm not that interested in this category of the debate. My point is just to say this: it is not a simple matter of determining just *what is* and *what is not* necessary to receive the full fruits of God's wisdom in print, given that what both you and I know about gnosis is certainly true, i.e. that perhaps with a possibly knowable amount of scripture, man's intellect transcends time and space and can instantaneously know certain truths by way of grace alone. If this were not the case, no Mosaic transmission could have occurred, right? So we arrive at the distinction between what it is possible to know by way of the Spirit alone, and what must be revealed to us. Certainly it is the case that a person's soul could be saved had there not been a Gospel of Luke. What I mean is that if you were to distill the requisite revelation from the Bible, we might be able to identify a kernel of fundamental revealed knowledge which was absolutely necessary. Call it what so many do: 'mere Christianity' (MC). It seems to me that what so many decisions to be made about Bible canon involve are not so much whether such-and-such a text is *truly revealed* (for how can one PROVE such a thing), but are instead about which likeliest candidates for authentic works preserve that truth we call MC without corrupting it? Therefore if we imagine that MC includes {X, Y, Z.....N}, then what is included in the Bible must be (a) those testimonies that date most closely to the life of Christ, and (b) which taken together best preserve MC = {X, Y, Z...N} without corrupting any element, nor adding any additional ones which would corrupt an existing element. The thoroughgoing case you are making is that only Tradition could have decided this. But this deposit, the words of Christ, was had by the apostles, and so whatever MC *is*, it did not include the office of pope in {X, Y, Z...N}. If it were the case that it had, there would be no schism. And on this note, I return to 1.B of my argument from yesterday - something this concrete and crucially historically important per the instruction of Christ to His Church on earth would not have been unclear or left open to debate. Modern problems and new circumstances do leave certain doctrines open to debate *about their applications* under new contexts, but this is possible only because of the unchanging nature of MC itself, **about which NOBODY debates**. The reason a debate exists surrounding the Pope is precisely because it is not, nor was it ever a part of MC, but a political development occurring over centuries. ___ Regarding the need for today's deliberation by Church authority to contextualize Church teachings to modern circumstances, there is simply no convincing case that this could not be accomplished by a council absent a Pope, or without the 'ongoing charisma' of Peter as all-time QB for your team. To whatever extent one wants to argue that the Orthodox Church is inefficacious, if this is true then it isn't principled on the basis of its structure, but more likely as the result of lacking its own unique identity, which occurs as the result of living in the shadow of its sister. The Orthodox Church's independence from Rome is far from historically perfect. Where did so many of her bishops go seeking refuge from the Ottomans around the time of the Renaissance? Rome and Medici's Italy. Hell, they brought Plato back to Europe. If one argues that the Orthodox Church is instead ineffective for the reason of being obstinately conservative, that isn't only a fault with her structure. The latitude displayed by Rome to be 'up with the times' could just as easily be turned around on her as being Pharisaic and analogous to the pilpul litigiousness that Christ rebuked. The life of her tradition could easily be criticized as *elasticity*. In many cases, the popularity of human group endeavors, in terms of which are most active and populous isn't a sign purely of the truth in them. The 'living' state of the Church of Rome could easily be on account of its utility, or its finances, or its history of being tied up with that city itself, and all of the above. I'm just not ready to say that the Orthodox Church's lack of success at convening a council, or that it tends to be more 'sleepy', is *only* the result of it not having a truthful tradition. The American legal system is pretty 'alive' too. ___ @KingOfWhiteAmerica

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It is clear from scripture that the final word and decision rests with James. Moreover, this supposed first pope was rebuked by Paul!

The quote from St. John Chrysostom I referenced also addresses this point about James. As for Paul, many traditional Catholics actually cite Paul's rebuking of Peter to justify accepting Pope Francis as pope, without feeling obliged to obey everything he says. Which is what the Church teaches about the popes - that they can exercise an infallible charism, under certain specific circumstances, but outside of this they remain fallible, and they are always capable of sin.

why would there have been a council? The more important question follows: why couldn't this model of synod of bishops have accomplished what you say with respect to curating the Bible? After all, it's clear from Acts that important decisions as late as 50 A.D. were being decided by council, and not by Peter alone.

It was not God's will that a single man dictate the faith on his own, but that a single man serve as the ratifier of what the universal Church (through councils) expressed.

you assume your capital-T Tradition was something established by Holy decree early and therefore carried on infallibly, and at the same time you say that this Tradition was necessary to prevent infallibility, as a real threat, from entering Tradition. The councils to ratify canon are evidence of that threat.

But do you not see the patent circularity in this?

The infallibility comes from the Magisterium - the Holy Spirit. It is this that allows the Tradition to inform Scriptural interpretation and this that allows Scripture to be canonized. The Magisterium (Holy Spirit) works primarily through the Pope. Council documents can contribute to it, but only if "signed off" by the Pope. This is the safeguard; this is how the keys are exercised.

Life is not elasticity or liberality, though the way contemporary teachings are exploited could be said to be.

To call a council without ratification from Rome is contrary to what the earliest saints have taught. Even prior to the schism, there were councils that lacked Rome's approval and thus were not considered magisterial.

I refer you to my last reply for all else you've said.

>It is clear from scripture that the final word and decision rests with James. Moreover, this supposed first pope was rebuked by Paul! The quote from St. John Chrysostom I referenced also addresses this point about James. As for Paul, many traditional Catholics actually *cite* Paul's rebuking of Peter to justify accepting Pope Francis as pope, without feeling obliged to obey everything he says. Which is what the Church teaches about the popes - that they *can* exercise an infallible charism, under certain specific circumstances, but outside of this they remain fallible, and they are *always* capable of sin. > why would there have been a council? The more important question follows: why couldn't this model of synod of bishops have accomplished what you say with respect to curating the Bible? After all, it's clear from Acts that important decisions as late as 50 A.D. were being decided by council, and not by Peter alone. It was not God's will that a single man *dictate* the faith on his own, but that a single man serve as the ratifier of what the universal Church (through councils) expressed. >you assume your capital-T Tradition was something established by Holy decree early and therefore carried on infallibly, and at the same time you say that this Tradition was necessary to prevent infallibility, as a real threat, from entering Tradition. The councils to ratify canon are evidence of that threat. >But do you not see the patent circularity in this? The infallibility comes from the Magisterium - the Holy Spirit. It is this that allows the Tradition to inform Scriptural interpretation and this that allows Scripture to be canonized. The Magisterium (Holy Spirit) works primarily through the Pope. Council documents can contribute to it, but only if "signed off" by the Pope. This is the safeguard; this is how the keys are exercised. Life is not elasticity or liberality, though the way contemporary teachings are exploited could be said to be. To call a council without ratification from Rome is contrary to what the earliest saints have taught. *Even prior to the schism*, there were councils that lacked Rome's approval and thus were not considered magisterial. I refer you to my last reply for all else you've said.

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