Maths and theories.
i told you he was a witch!
But that's the problem. We have huge theories and models based upon nothing but guesses which are frequently confirmed wrong. For example, the big bang, dark energy, and dark matter are all just theories built upon mathematical models which are completely unconfirmed. They then create experiments to confirm these models which ignoring all experiments which confirm them invalid.
We really don't know very much about the universe. For example, the expanding universe theory can also be explained by plasma. Black holes can also be explained by plasma. A plasma universe doesn't require dark energy/matter. So on and so on.
This is what most astrophysicist metaphorically actually do: https://www.boredpanda.com/medieval-animal-paintings-that-dont-look-real-daniel-holland/
the expanding universe theory can also be explained by plasma.
It doesn't have to.
The Doppler Effect explains and proves it.
Except it doesn't prove it. You're making an assumption. As do they. That's the problem. It's actually based on red shift. Which can also be explained with plasma and no expansion.
This is the issue. They've created a house of cards and lots of literal magic added in and people don't even bat an eye. Thus the reference to the animals. They only think they are explaining it and are quick to ignore the many experiments which prove the theory invalid. Because confirming birds are round circles is all that's important.
That said, this doesn't mean plasma is the real answer either.
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